Duba Babban Hoto
Fitowar da ke tserewa iskar iskar gas ce masu canzawa waɗanda ke zubowa daga matsi.Waɗannan hayaki na iya zama na bazata, ta hanyar ƙashin ruwa ko kuma saboda bawuloli marasa kyau.
Fitowar hayakin da ke gudu ba kawai yana haifar da lahani ga mutane da muhalli ba har ma yana haifar da barazana ga riba.Tare da tsayin daka ga mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta masu canzawa, mutane na iya haifar da mummunan cututtuka na jiki.Waɗannan sun haɗa da ma'aikata a wasu tsire-tsire ko mutanen da ke zaune a kusa.
Wannan labarin yana ba da bayani game da yadda hayaƙin gudu ya faru.Wannan kuma zai magance gwaje-gwajen API da kuma abin da dole ne a yi don rage tasirin irin waɗannan matsalolin zubewa.
Tushen Fugitive Emissions
Valves sune Manyan Abubuwan da ke haifar da Tushen Gudu
Bawuloli na masana'antu da abubuwan da ke tattare da su, galibi, sune manyan masu laifin hayakin da masana'antu ke fitarwa.Bawuloli na layi kamar su globe da ƙofa bawul sune nau'ikan bawul ɗin da suka fi dacewa da yanayin su.
Waɗannan bawuloli suna amfani da tushe mai tasowa ko juyawa don rufewa da rufewa.Waɗannan hanyoyin suna haifar da ƙarin gogayya.Bugu da ƙari, haɗin gwiwar da ke da alaƙa da gaskets da tsarin tattara kaya sune abubuwan gama gari inda irin wannan hayaƙi ke faruwa.
Duk da haka, saboda bawuloli masu layi sun fi tasiri, ana amfani da su akai-akai fiye da sauran nau'ikan bawuloli.Wannan ya sa waɗannan bawul ɗin su zama rigima dangane da kariyar muhalli.
Valve Stems Yana Ba da Gudunmawar Guduwar Gudu
Fitowar da ke fitowa daga tushen bawul kusan kashi 60 cikin ɗari na jimillar hayaƙin da wata masana'anta ta ke bayarwa.An haɗa wannan a cikin binciken da Jami'ar British Columbia ta gudanar.Jimlar adadin bawul ɗin mai tushe yana da alaƙa zuwa babban adadin da aka ambata a cikin binciken.
Fakitin Valve Hakanan Yana iya Ba da Gudunmawa ga Tushen Gudu
Wahalar sarrafa hayakin da ke gudu shima yana cikin tattarawa.Yayin da yawancin fakitin suna mannewa kuma suna wucewa API Standard 622 yayin gwaji, da yawa sun gaza yayin ainihin yanayin.Me yasa?An kera marufin dabam daga jikin bawul.
Za a iya samun ɗan bambance-bambance a cikin girma tsakanin shiryawa da bawul.Wannan na iya haifar da leakages.Wasu abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su ban da girma sun haɗa da dacewa da ƙare bawul.
Madadin Man Fetur Suma Masu Laifi Ne
Ba wai kawai fitar da iskar gas ke faruwa ba ne kawai a lokacin sarrafa iskar gas a masana'antar.A gaskiya ma, fitar da hayaki mai gudu yana faruwa a duk zagaye na samar da iskar gas.
A cewar A Close Look at Fugitive Methane Emissions from Natural Gas, "haɗin da ake fitarwa daga samar da iskar gas yana da mahimmanci kuma yana faruwa a kowane mataki na yanayin rayuwar iskar gas, daga samarwa ta hanyar samarwa, sarrafawa, watsawa, da rarrabawa."
Menene ƙayyadaddun Ma'auni na API don Gudun Gudun Masana'antu?
Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka (API) tana ɗaya daga cikin hukumomin da ke ba da ƙa'idodi ga masana'antar iskar gas da mai.An kafa shi a cikin 1919, ƙa'idodin API shine ɗayan manyan jagororin ga duk abin da ya shafi masana'antar petrochemical.Tare da fiye da ma'auni 700, API kwanan nan ya samar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun hayaki masu alaƙa da bawuloli da fakitin su.
Yayin da akwai wasu gwaje-gwajen fitar da hayaki, mafi kyawun ƙa'idodi don gwaji sune waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin API.Anan ga cikakken bayanin API 622, API 624 da API 641.
API 622
In ba haka ba wannan ana kiransa API 622 Nau'in Gwajin Tsarin Tsarin Valve don Tushen Fugitive
Wannan shine ma'auni na API don shirya bawul a cikin bawuloli masu kashewa tare da ko dai tashi ko juyawa.
Wannan yana ƙayyade ko tattarawa zai iya hana fitar da iskar gas.Akwai fannoni huɗu na kimantawa:
1. Nawa adadin yabo
2. Yadda resistant bawul zuwa lalata
3. Menene kayan da ake amfani da su a cikin shiryawa
4. Menene kimantawa ga oxidation
Gwajin, tare da sabon littafinsa na 2011 kuma har yanzu ana ci gaba da bita, ya haɗa da kekuna 1,510 tare da zagayowar yanayin zafi na 5000F da matsa lamba 600 pig.
Kewayoyin injina suna nufin cikakken buɗewa zuwa cikakken rufe bawul.A wannan lokacin, ana duba yabo daga iskar gwajin a cikin tazara.
Ɗaya daga cikin sake dubawa na kwanan nan don API 622 Gwajin shine batun API 602 da 603 bawuloli.Waɗannan bawuloli suna da kunkuntar shirya bawul kuma galibi sun gaza a cikin gwajin API 622.Izinin ƙyalli da aka yarda shine sassa 500 a kowace ƙarar miliyan (ppmv).
API 624
Ana kiran wannan in ba haka ba API 624 Nau'in Gwajin Rising Stem Valve Wanda Aka Sanye da Marubucin Zane Mai Sauƙi don Matsayin Fugitive Emissions.Wannan ma'auni menene buƙatun don gwajin fitar da hayaƙi na duka mai tashi kara da jujjuya bawuloli.Waɗannan bawuloli masu tushe yakamata su haɗa da tattarawa waɗanda suka riga sun wuce API Standard 622.
Tushen bawul ɗin da ake gwadawa yakamata su faɗi cikin kewayon da aka yarda da su na 100 ppmv.Dangane da haka, API 624 yana da hawan keke 310 da zagayen yanayi na 5000F guda uku.Yi bayanin kula, bawuloli sama da NPS 24 ko fiye da aji 1500 ba a haɗa su cikin iyakar gwajin API 624.
Gwajin gazawa ne idan ɗigon hatimin tushe ya wuce 100 ppmv.Ba a ba da izinin bawul ɗin tushe don daidaitawa zuwa zubar yayin gwaji.
Bayani na API641
Wannan shi ake kira API 624 Quarter Turn Valve FE Test.Wannan shine sabon ma'auni wanda API ya haɓaka wanda ke rufe bawuloli mallakar dangin bawul na kwata.Ɗaya daga cikin ƙa'idodin da aka amince da wannan ƙa'idar shine matsakaicin iyakar ppmv 100 don ƙyalli da aka yarda.Wani madaidaicin shine API 641 shine jujjuyawar kwata na 610.
Don bawul ɗin jujjuya kwata tare da tattarawar hoto, dole ne ta fara gwajin API 622.Koyaya, idan an haɗa tattarawar a cikin ƙa'idodin API 622, wannan na iya barin gwajin API 622.Misali shine saitin tattarawa da aka yi da PTFE.
Ana gwada bawuloli a matsakaicin matsakaici: 600 pg.Saboda bambance-bambancen zafin jiki, akwai nau'ikan ƙididdiga guda biyu da ake amfani da su don zafin bawul:
● Bawuloli waɗanda aka ƙima sama da 5000F
● Bawuloli waɗanda aka kimanta ƙasa da 5000F
API 622 vs API 624
Ana iya samun ɗan ruɗani tsakanin API 622 da API 624. A cikin wannan ɓangaren, lura da ƴan bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin su biyun.
● Yawan hawan keken da ke ciki
● API 622 KAWAI ya ƙunshi tattarawa;alhali, API 624 ya ƙunshi bawul ɗin CIGADA da tattarawa
● Kewayon leakages da aka yarda (500 ppmv don API 622 da 100 ppmv don 624)
● Daidaita adadin da aka yarda (daya don API 622 kuma babu na API 624)
Yadda ake Rage Gudun Gudun Masana'antu
Ana iya dakile fitar da hayaki mai gudu don rage tasirin iskar bawul ga muhalli.
#1 Canza Matattun Bawuloli
Valves suna canzawa koyaushe.Tabbatar cewa bawul ɗin sun bi sabbin ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi.Ta hanyar samun kulawa na yau da kullun da dubawa, yana da sauƙin gano wanda yakamata a maye gurbinsa.
#2 Shigar da Madaidaicin Valve da Kulawa na dindindin
Shigar da bawul ɗin da ba daidai ba zai iya haifar da ɗigogi kuma.Hayar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru waɗanda za su iya shigar da bawuloli daidai.Shigar da bawul ɗin da ya dace kuma yana iya gano tsarin yuwuwar leaks.Ta hanyar sa ido akai-akai, ana iya gano bawuloli masu yuwuwar zubewa ko ƙila sun buɗe ba da gangan ba.
Ya kamata a yi gwaje-gwaje na ɗigo na yau da kullun waɗanda ke auna adadin tururin da bawuloli ke fitarwa.Masana'antun da ke amfani da bawul sun haɓaka gwaje-gwaje na ci gaba don gano fitar da bawul:
● Hanya ta 21
Wannan yana amfani da na'urar gano ionization na harshen wuta don bincika ɗigogi
● Mafi kyawun Hoto Gas (OGI)
Wannan yana amfani da kyamarar infrared don gano ɗigogi a cikin shuka
● Bambance-bambancen Shaye Lidar (DIAL)
Wannan na iya gano fitar da hayaki mai gudu daga nesa.
#3 Zaɓuɓɓukan Kulawa na Kariya
Kulawa da rigakafin rigakafin zai iya gano al'amura tare da bawuloli a farkon matakan.Wannan zai iya rage farashin gyara bawul mara kyau.
Me Yasa Ake Bukatar Rage Gurbaren Gudu?
Fitowar da ake fitarwa shine manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da dumamar yanayi.Gaskiya ne, akwai motsi mai aiki wanda ke fatan rage fitar da hayaki.Amma bayan saninsa kusan karni guda tun lokacin da aka sani, matakan gurɓataccen iska har yanzu suna da yawa.
Yayin da bukatar makamashi a fadin duniya ke karuwa, bukatuwar neman hanyoyin maye gurbin kwal da man fetur na kara karuwa.
Source: https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions
Methane da ethane suna cikin haske a matsayin mafi dacewa madadin man fetur da kwal.Gaskiyar cewa akwai yuwuwar da yawa a matsayin albarkatun makamashi ga waɗannan biyun.Koyaya, methane, musamman, yana da yuwuwar dumamar yanayi sau 30 fiye da CO2.
Wannan shine dalilin ƙararrawa ga masana muhalli da masana'antu masu amfani da wannan albarkatu.A gefe guda kuma, rigakafin fitar da bawul yana yiwuwa ta hanyar yin amfani da ƙwararrun masana'antu masu inganci da API-amince.
Source: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/1180.pdf
A takaice
Babu shakka cewa bawuloli sune mahimman abubuwan kowane aikace-aikacen masana'antu.Duk da haka, ba a kera bawul ɗin a matsayin sashi ɗaya mai ƙarfi;a maimakon haka, an yi shi ne da abubuwa.Girman waɗannan sassan bazai dace da juna 100% ba, yana haifar da ɗigogi.Wadannan ledojin na iya haifar da lahani ga muhalli.Hana irin wannan zubewar wani muhimmin alhaki ne na kowane mai amfani da bawul.
Lokacin aikawa: Fabrairu-25-2022